怎么样会减肥快配图，仅供参考
Potential weight-loss strategiesLifestyle modifications
Altering the intake and output behaviors associated with dysregulated energy balance is the most used strategy for producing weight loss. Among those clinically prescribed are very-low-calorie diets (VLCD) in which intake is limited to no more than 800 kcal per day. The reduction of calories and,in particular,fat intake,is effective at producing weight loss when coupled with exercise. Beyond limiting calories,other diets that restrict the type of macronutrient are popularly used. These include low-fat diets,ketogenic diets (focusing on reducing carbohydrates to ∼20 g and forcing the body to burn fat stores),and high-protein diets which limit high-glycemic index,processed foods. Alternately,plant-based diets (obtaining all nutrients only from plant sources) are purported to reduce body weight,not through caloric restriction per se,but rather restricting the source of calories. Each diet in its own right reports weight loss,but serious consideration is necessary to understand the impact of these diets on the overall health of an individual and long-term sustainability of the lifestyle required by eliminating or overconsuming a particular source of macronutrients.
The other modifiable variable in the energy balance equation is physical activity. Increasing recreational activity by espousing weight-bearing exercises,high-intensity,interval training,moderate-intensity/continuous training,and low-intensity,steady-state (LISS) regimens are effective in increasing calories burned and basal metabolic rate. The preponderance of evidence suggests that the average weight loss achieved with a behavioral change does not exceed a loss of 15% of initial weight. Furthermore,weight loss is often regained after five years.
Pharmacologically induced weight loss
Among the FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of obesity are orlistat,lorcaserin,phentermine/topiramate,liraglutide,and bupropion/naltrexone (see review ). The mechanism of action of these drugs is diverse and ranges from pancreatic lipase inhibition,sympathomimetic activities,and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. Specifically,when coupled with behavioral changes discussed previously,they appear to be a useful aid to weight loss.,The short-term effectiveness using the various pharmacologic therapies is improved over placebo,but weight regain potential with drug cessation can be high. The other detractor to current pharmacologic therapies is the scant knowledge based on variation in gender,race,starting BMI,and other comorbidities that may preclude the use of the specific pharmacological regimens.
Surgical weight loss procedures
The gold standard for the resolution of obesity-related comorbidities remain RYGB. RYGB is an invasive surgery transecting the upper portion of the stomach and rerouting the flow of nutrients to the jejunum. The lower portion of the transected stomach continues to release digestive juices that flow to the anastomosed jejunum. RYGB produces profound weight loss that is maintained for decades. However,the most common of the bariatric surgeries to date in the U.S. is VSG in which ∼80% of the gastric tissue along the greater curvature of the stomach is resected creating a tube linking the esophagus and the duodenum. Despite the relative simplicity and reduced complications with VSG,there is still significant weight loss attained by reduced gastric volume,altered pyloric innervation,and accelerated gastric emptying rates. In both VSG and RYGB,profound changes in gut hormones,neural innervation,and microbiota contribute to the yet unidentified mechanism(s) of action producing the profound potential for weight loss. BPD combines sleeve gastrectomy with an intestinal bypass to produce maximal weight loss and is typically reserved for super-obese individuals with a BMI of >50 kg/m2. The least effective of these surgeries is the AGB in which a saline cuff is inserted around the upper portion of the stomach,creating a smaller initial gastric pouch. The cuff drastically reduces the volume of the stomach,thereby restricting the total caloric content of any given meal. Although AGB produces weight loss and is used as an aid with other dietary and lifestyle modifications,without long-lasting behavior changes,the body weight loss may quickly be regained. The tremendous positive benefit of AGB is that it is entirely reversible. Taken together,surgical procedures for the realization of weight loss are increasingly used in particular in individuals with significant obesity and additional related comorbidities.","department":"
